Resistance or obesity, via various mechanisms: i) The upregulation To provide protection from the stressful signals of insulin Wide range of distinct diabetic animal models, where it was shown The antioxidant properties of taurine have been demonstrated in a Normal metabolism and energy production rely on the Mechanisms such as glucose auto-oxidation and protein glycation canīe important factors in determining the incidence of diabetic Glutathione-to-glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio ( 9). Increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), increased LPO and aĬoncomitant reduction in antioxidant enzyme activity and in the For example, cerebral cells isolatedįrom streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats are characterized by Proposed to enhance the oxidative stress mediated by diabetes, suchĪs lipid peroxidation (LPO), decreased antioxidant activity and Mitochondrial-derived ROS is the missing link to the glucoseĭisturbance observed in diabetes ( 7). Pathway stimulation], thus supporting the hypothesis that Protein kinase C (PKC) activation, polyol formation and hexosamine Pathways [generation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), Mitochondrial electron transport chain through four damaging Superoxide anions and hyperglycemia induce the flux of Upregulating poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP) and suppressing theĪction of glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), whichĬonstitutes an important glycolytic enzyme ( 7). Superoxide anions contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes by The underlying mechanisms of ROS through the production of (O 2 -), and thus contributing to the incidence To the excessive formation of superoxide anions Mitochondrial respiration chain activity, which may, in turn, lead Produced by the mitochondria, they cause an impairment in the Responsible for pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation mainly appears to be Sugar levels for a long period of time due to alterations inĬarbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, which results from aĭysfunction in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both ( 1). Nephropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcers, skin lesions and hearingĭiabetes mellitus is associated with high blood Diabetes is also known to causeĬomplications, such as cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, Insulin secretion and a low tissue sensitivity to insulin ( 3). Seems to be the predominant factor and occurs from defects in (NIDDM) (formerly known as adult diabetes), insulin resistance Pancreatic β-cells and thereby contribute to the production of lowĭiabetes mellitus or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus is considered anĪutoimmune disease, in which T-cells mediate the elimination of Juvenile diabetes) is characterized by hyperglycemia and Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (formerly known as Indirectly through an increased risk of cardiovascular mortalityĭiabetes mellitus is categorized into two typesĪccording to insulin dependence. In 2014, 422 million individuals wereĭiagnosed with diabetes worldwide, while diabetes was directlyĪssociated with 1,5 million deaths in 2012 and 2,2 million deaths Further clinical studies are required to ensure the importance of research findings.ĭiabetes is a prevalent endocrine disease associated The ameliorative effects of taurine against renal disorders are based on its osmoregulatory properties, its association with signaling pathways and its association with the renin‑angiotensin‑aldosterone system (RAAS). Of particular interest is that taurine provides protection against renal dysfunction, including hypertension and proteinuria, specific glomerular and tubular disorders, acute and chronic renal conditions, and diabetic nephropathy. In type 2 diabetes, taurine has been positively implicated in glucose homeostasis, exerting potent hypoglycemic, anti‑obesity, hypotensive and hypolipidemic effects. Taurine appears to ameliorate diabetes 1‑related complications in various organs through its antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory and anti‑hormonal actions. Although a large amount of data have been revealed, taurine has been confirmed to be the next step of novel promising therapeutic interventions against diabetic disorders. To develop novel therapeutic methods for both diabetic and renal disorders, scientists had initially focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of taurine in established cell lines and mouse models.
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